skeletons: start some technical documentation

* data/README: Convert to Markdown.
Start documenting some of the macros used in all our skeletons.
Simplify and fix the documentation of the macros in the skeletons.

data/README

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 This directory contains data needed by Bison.
 
-* Skeletons
+# Directory content
-Bison skeletons: the general shapes of the different parser kinds,
+## Skeletons
-that are specialized for specific grammars by the bison program.
+Bison skeletons: the general shapes of the different parser kinds, that are
+specialized for specific grammars by the bison program.
 
 Currently, the supported skeletons are:
 
@@ -22,19 +23,18 @@ Currently, the supported skeletons are:
 - glr.cc
   A Generalized LR C++ parser.  Actually a C++ wrapper around glr.c.
 
-These skeletons are the only ones supported by the Bison team.
+These skeletons are the only ones supported by the Bison team.  Because the
-Because the interface between skeletons and the bison program is not
+interface between skeletons and the bison program is not finished, *we are
-finished, *we are not bound to it*.  In particular, Bison is not
+not bound to it*.  In particular, Bison is not mature enough for us to
-mature enough for us to consider that "foreign skeletons" are
+consider that "foreign skeletons" are supported.
-supported.
 
-* m4sugar
+## m4sugar
-This directory contains M4sugar, sort of an extended library for M4,
+This directory contains M4sugar, sort of an extended library for M4, which
-which is used by Bison to instantiate the skeletons.
+is used by Bison to instantiate the skeletons.
 
-* xslt
+## xslt
-This directory contains XSLT programs that transform Bison's XML output
+This directory contains XSLT programs that transform Bison's XML output into
-into various formats.
+various formats.
 
 - bison.xsl
   A library of routines used by the other XSLT programs.
@@ -48,10 +48,98 @@ into various formats.
 - xml2xhtml.xsl
   Conversion into XHTML.
 
+# Implementation note about the skeletons
+
+"Skeleton" in Bison parlance means "backend": a skeleton is fed by the bison
+executable with LR tables, facts about the symbols, etc. and they generate
+the output (say parser.cc, parser.hh, location.hh, etc.).  They are only in
+charge of generating the parser and its auxiliary files, they do not
+generate the XML output, the parser.output reports, nor the graphical
+rendering.
+
+The bits of information passing from bison to the backend is named
+"muscles".  Muscles are passed to M4 via its standard input: it's a set of
+m4 definitions.  To see them, use `--trace=muscles`.
+
+Except for muscles, whose names are generated by bison, the skeletons have
+no constraint at all on the macro names: there is no technical/theoretical
+limitation, as long as you generate the output, you can do what you want.
+However, of course, that would be a bad idea if, say, the C and C++
+skeletons used different approaches and had completely different
+implementations.  That would be a maintenance nightmare.
+
+Below, we document some of the macros that we use in several of the
+skeletons.  If you are to write a new skeleton, please, implement them for
+your language.  Overall, be sure to follow the same patterns as the existing
+skeletons.
+
+## Symbols
+
+In order to unify the handling of the various aspects of symbols
+(tag, type_name, whether terminal, etc.), bison.exe defines one
+macro per (token, field), where field can has_id, id, etc.: see
+src/output.c:prepare_symbols_definitions().
+
+The various FIELDS are:
+
+- has_id: 0 or 1.
+  Whether the symbol has an id.
+- id: string
+  If has_id, the id.  Guaranteed to be usable as a C identifier.
+  Prefixed by api.token.prefix if defined.
+- tag: string.
+  A representation of the symbol.  Can be 'foo', 'foo.id', '"foo"' etc.
+- user_number: integer
+  The assigned (external) number as used by yylex.
+- is_token: 0 or 1
+  Whether this is a terminal symbol.
+- number: integer
+  The internalized number (used after yytranslate).
+- has_type: 0, 1
+  Whether has a semantic value.
+- type_tag: string
+  When api.value.type=union, the generated name for the union member.
+  yytype_INT etc. for symbols that has_id, otherwise yytype_1 etc.
+- type
+  If it has a semantic value, its type tag, or, if variant are used,
+  its type.
+  In the case of api.value.type=union, type is the real type (e.g. int).
+- has_printer: 0, 1
+- printer: string
+- printer_file: string
+- printer_line: integer
+  If the symbol has a printer, everything about it.
+- has_destructor, destructor, destructor_file, destructor_line
+  Likewise.
+
+### b4_symbol_value(VAL, [SYMBOL-NUM], [TYPE-TAG])
+Expansion of $$, $1, $<TYPE-TAG>3, etc.
+
+The semantic value from a given VAL.
+- `VAL`: some semantic value storage (typically a union).  e.g., `yylval`
+- `SYMBOL-NUM`: the symbol number from which we extract the type tag.
+- `TYPE-TAG`, the user forced the `<TYPE-TAG>`.
+
+The result can be used safely, it is put in parens to avoid nasty precedence
+issues.
+
+### b4_lhs_value(SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
+Expansion of `$$` or `$<TYPE>$`, for symbol `SYMBOL-NUM`.
+
+### b4_rhs_data(RULE-LENGTH, POS)
+The data corresponding to the symbol `#POS`, where the current rule has
+`RULE-LENGTH` symbols on RHS.
+
+### b4_rhs_value(RULE-LENGTH, POS, SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
+Expansion of `$<TYPE>POS`, where the current rule has `RULE-LENGTH` symbols
+on RHS.
+
 -----
 
 Local Variables:
-mode: outline
+mode: markdown
+fill-column: 76
+ispell-dictionary: "american"
 End:
 
 Copyright (C) 2002, 2008-2015, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

data/bison.m4

@@ -378,44 +378,9 @@ b4_define_flag_if([yacc])               # Whether POSIX Yacc is emulated.
 ## Symbols.  ##
 ## --------- ##
 
-# In order to unify the handling of the various aspects of symbols
+# For a description of the Symbol handling, see README.
-# (tag, type_name, whether terminal, etc.), bison.exe defines one
-# macro per (token, field), where field can has_id, id, etc.: see
-# src/output.c:prepare_symbols_definitions().
 #
-# The various FIELDS are:
+# The following macros provide access to symbol related values.
-#
-# - has_id: 0 or 1.
-#   Whether the symbol has an id.
-# - id: string
-#   If has_id, the id.  Guaranteed to be usable as a C identifier.
-#   Prefixed by api.token.prefix if defined.
-# - tag: string.
-#   A representation of the symbol.  Can be 'foo', 'foo.id', '"foo"' etc.
-# - user_number: integer
-#   The assigned (external) number as used by yylex.
-# - is_token: 0 or 1
-#   Whether this is a terminal symbol.
-# - number: integer
-#   The internalized number (used after yytranslate).
-# - has_type: 0, 1
-#   Whether has a semantic value.
-# - type_tag: string
-#   When api.value.type=union, the generated name for the union member.
-#   yytype_INT etc. for symbols that has_id, otherwise yytype_1 etc.
-# - type
-#   If it has a semantic value, its type tag, or, if variant are used,
-#   its type.
-#   In the case of api.value.type=union, type is the real type (e.g. int).
-# - has_printer: 0, 1
-# - printer: string
-# - printer_file: string
-# - printer_line: integer
-#   If the symbol has a printer, everything about it.
-# - has_destructor, destructor, destructor_file, destructor_line
-#   Likewise.
-#
-# The following macros provide access to these values.
 
 # _b4_symbol(NUM, FIELD)
 # ----------------------

data/c++.m4

@@ -523,15 +523,12 @@ m4_define([b4_yytranslate_define],
 
 # b4_lhs_value([TYPE])
 # --------------------
-# Expansion of $<TYPE>$.
 m4_define([b4_lhs_value],
 [b4_symbol_value([yyval], [$1])])
 
 
 # b4_rhs_value(RULE-LENGTH, POS, [TYPE])
 # --------------------------------------
-# Expansion of $<TYPE>POS, where the current rule has RULE-LENGTH
-# symbols on RHS.
 # FIXME: Dead code.
 m4_define([b4_rhs_value],
 [b4_symbol_value([yysemantic_stack_@{($1) - ($2)@}], [$3])])

data/c.m4

@@ -375,18 +375,7 @@ m4_define([b4_token_enums_defines],
 
 # b4_symbol_value(VAL, [SYMBOL-NUM], [TYPE-TAG])
 # ----------------------------------------------
-# Expansion of $$, $1, $<TYPE-TAG>3, etc.
+# See README.
-#
-# The semantic value from a given VAL.
-#
-# VAL: some semantic value storage (typically a union).
-#   e.g., yylval
-# SYMBOL-NUM: the symbol number from which we extract the
-#   type tag.
-# TYPE-TAG, the user forced the <TYPE-TAG>.
-#
-# The result can be used safely, it is put in parens to avoid nasty
-# precedence issues.
 m4_define([b4_symbol_value],
 [m4_ifval([$3],
           [($1.$3)],

data/glr.c

@@ -114,23 +114,21 @@ m4_define([b4_locuser_args],
 
 # b4_lhs_value(SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
 # --------------------------------
-# Expansion of $$ or $<TYPE>$, for symbol SYMBOL-NUM.
+# See README.
 m4_define([b4_lhs_value],
 [b4_symbol_value([(*yyvalp)], [$1], [$2])])
 
 
 # b4_rhs_data(RULE-LENGTH, POS)
 # -----------------------------
-# Expand to the semantic stack place that contains value and location
+# See README.
-# of symbol number POS in a rule of length RULE-LENGTH.
 m4_define([b4_rhs_data],
 [((yyGLRStackItem const *)yyvsp)@{YYFILL (b4_subtract([$2], [$1]))@}.yystate])
 
 
 # b4_rhs_value(RULE-LENGTH, POS, SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
 # --------------------------------------------------
-# Expansion of $<TYPE>POS, where the current rule has RULE-LENGTH
+# Expansion of $$ or $<TYPE>$, for symbol SYMBOL-NUM.
-# symbols on RHS.
 m4_define([b4_rhs_value],
 [b4_symbol_value([b4_rhs_data([$1], [$2]).yysemantics.yysval], [$3], [$4])])
 

data/java.m4

@@ -221,18 +221,7 @@ m4_define([b4_position_type], [b4_percent_define_get([[api.position.type]])])
 
 # b4_symbol_value(VAL, [SYMBOL-NUM], [TYPE-TAG])
 # ----------------------------------------------
-# Expansion of $$, $1, $<TYPE-TAG>3, etc.
+# See README.
-#
-# The semantic value from a given VAL.
-#
-# VAL: some semantic value storage (typically a union).
-#   e.g., yylval
-# SYMBOL-NUM: the symbol number from which we extract the
-#   type tag.
-# TYPE-TAG, the user forced the <TYPE-TAG>.
-#
-# The result can be used safely, it is put in parens to avoid nasty
-# precedence issues.
 m4_define([b4_symbol_value],
 [m4_ifval([$3],
           [(($3)($1))],
@@ -243,26 +232,21 @@ m4_define([b4_symbol_value],
                     [$1])])])
 
 
-# b4_lhs_value([TYPE])
+# b4_lhs_value([SYMBOL-NUM], [TYPE])
-# --------------------
+# ----------------------------------
-# Expansion of $<TYPE>$.
+# See README.
 m4_define([b4_lhs_value], [yyval])
 
 
 # b4_rhs_data(RULE-LENGTH, POS)
 # -----------------------------
-# Expansion of $<TYPE>POS, where the current rule has RULE-LENGTH
+# See README.
-# symbols on RHS.
-#
-# In this simple implementation, %token and %type have class names
-# between the angle brackets.
 m4_define([b4_rhs_data],
 [yystack.valueAt ($1-($2))])
 
 # b4_rhs_value(RULE-LENGTH, POS, SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
 # --------------------------------------------------
-# Expansion of $<TYPE>POS, where the current rule has RULE-LENGTH
+# See README.
-# symbols on RHS.
 #
 # In this simple implementation, %token and %type have class names
 # between the angle brackets.

data/lalr1.cc

@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ m4_copy([b4_symbol_value], [b4_symbol_value_template])
 m4_append([b4_value_type_setup_union],
 [m4_copy_force([b4_symbol_value_union], [b4_symbol_value_template])])
 
-# b4_lhs_value(SYMBOL-NUM, SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
+# b4_lhs_value(SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
-# --------------------------------------------
+# --------------------------------
-# Expansion of $$ or $<TYPE>$, for symbol SYMBOL-NUM.
+# See README.
 m4_define([b4_lhs_value],
 [b4_symbol_value([yylhs.value], [$1], [$2])])
 
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ m4_define([b4_lhs_location],
 
 # b4_rhs_data(RULE-LENGTH, POS)
 # -----------------------------
-# Return the data corresponding to the symbol #POS, where the current
+# See README.
-# rule has RULE-LENGTH symbols on RHS.
 m4_define([b4_rhs_data],
 [yystack_@{b4_subtract($@)@}])
 
@@ -82,8 +81,7 @@ m4_define([b4_rhs_state],
 
 # b4_rhs_value(RULE-LENGTH, POS, SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
 # --------------------------------------------------
-# Expansion of $<TYPE>POS, where the current rule has RULE-LENGTH
+# See README.
-# symbols on RHS.
 m4_define([_b4_rhs_value],
 [b4_symbol_value([b4_rhs_data([$1], [$2]).value], [$3], [$4])])
 

data/variant.hh

@@ -306,6 +306,7 @@ m4_define([b4_value_type_declare],
 
 # b4_symbol_value(VAL, SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
 # ----------------------------------------
+# See README.
 m4_define([b4_symbol_value],
 [m4_ifval([$3],
           [$1.as< $3 > ()],

data/yacc.c

@@ -130,15 +130,14 @@ m4_define([b4_int_type],
 
 # b4_lhs_value(SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
 # --------------------------------
-# Expansion of $$ or $<TYPE>$, for symbol SYMBOL-NUM.
+# See README.
 m4_define([b4_lhs_value],
 [b4_symbol_value(yyval, [$1], [$2])])
 
 
-# b4_rhs_value(RULE-LENGTH, POS, SYMBOL-NUM, [TYPE])
+# b4_rhs_value(RULE-LENGTH, POS, [SYMBOL-NUM], [TYPE])
-# --------------------------------------------------
+# ----------------------------------------------------
-# Expansion of $<TYPE>POS, where the current rule has RULE-LENGTH
+# See README.
-# symbols on RHS.
 m4_define([b4_rhs_value],
 [b4_symbol_value([yyvsp@{b4_subtract([$2], [$1])@}], [$3], [$4])])