Intern strings used as identifiers (for labels, constants, macros, charmaps, etc) (#1980)

Makefile

@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ rgbasm_obj := \
 	src/asm/fixpoint.o \
 	src/asm/format.o \
 	src/asm/fstack.o \
+	src/asm/intern.o \
 	src/asm/lexer.o \
 	src/asm/macro.o \
 	src/asm/main.o \

docs/ARCHITECTURE.md

@@ -180,6 +180,9 @@ These files have been copied ("vendored") from external authors and adapted for
 - **`fstack.cpp`:**  
   Functions and data related to "fstack" nodes (the contents of top-level or `INCLUDE`d files, macro expansions, or `REPT`/`FOR` loop iterations) and their "contexts" (metadata that is only relevant while a node's content is being lexed and parsed).  
   This file *owns* the `Context`s in its `contextStack` collection. Each of those `Context`s *owns* its `LexerState`, and *refers* to its `FileStackNode`, `uniqueIDStr`, and `macroArgs`. Each `FileStackNode` also *references* its `parent`.
+- **`intern.cpp`:**  
+  [Interned strings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interning), which are used for the names of keywords, symbols (labels, constants, variables, string constants, macros, etc), and charmaps.  
+  This file *owns* the strings in its `internedStrings` collection, which its `internedIndexes` collection *references* by view and index.
 - **`lexer.cpp`:**  
   Functions and data related to [lexing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis) assembly source code into tokens, which can then be parsed.  
   This file maintains static `lexerState` and `lexerStateEOL` pointers to `LexerState`s from the `Context`s in `fstack.cpp`.  

include/asm/actions.hpp

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 
 #include "linkdefs.hpp" // AssertionType, RPNCommand
 
-#include "asm/rpn.hpp" // Expression
+#include "asm/intern.hpp" // InternedStr
+#include "asm/rpn.hpp"    // Expression
 
 struct AlignmentSpec {
 	uint8_t alignment;
@@ -54,8 +55,8 @@ std::string act_StringFormat(
     std::string const &spec, std::vector<std::variant<uint32_t, std::string>> const &args
 );
 
-std::string act_SectionName(std::string const &symName);
+std::string act_SectionName(InternedStr symName);
 
-void act_CompoundAssignment(std::string const &symName, RPNCommand op, int32_t constValue);
+void act_CompoundAssignment(InternedStr symName, RPNCommand op, int32_t constValue);
 
 #endif // RGBDS_ASM_ACTIONS_HPP

include/asm/charmap.hpp

@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@
 #include <string_view>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
+
 void charmap_Init();
 bool charmap_ForEach(
-    void (*mapFunc)(std::string const &),
+    void (*mapFunc)(InternedStr), void (*charFunc)(std::string const &, std::vector<int32_t>)
-    void (*charFunc)(std::string const &, std::vector<int32_t>)
 );
-void charmap_New(std::string const &name, std::string const *baseName);
+void charmap_New(InternedStr name, InternedStr const *baseName);
-void charmap_Set(std::string const &name);
+void charmap_Set(InternedStr name);
 void charmap_Push();
 void charmap_Pop();
 void charmap_CheckStack();

include/asm/fstack.hpp

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 #include "linkdefs.hpp"
 
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
 #include "asm/lexer.hpp"
 
 struct FileStackNode {
@@ -68,12 +69,10 @@ bool fstk_FailedOnMissingInclude();
 
 bool yywrap();
 bool fstk_RunInclude(std::string const &path, bool isQuiet);
-void fstk_RunMacro(
+void fstk_RunMacro(InternedStr macroName, std::shared_ptr<MacroArgs> macroArgs, bool isQuiet);
-    std::string const &macroName, std::shared_ptr<MacroArgs> macroArgs, bool isQuiet
-);
 void fstk_RunRept(uint32_t count, int32_t reptLineNo, ContentSpan const &span, bool isQuiet);
 void fstk_RunFor(
-    std::string const &symName,
+    InternedStr symName,
     int32_t start,
     int32_t stop,
     int32_t step,

include/asm/intern.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+#ifndef RGBDS_ASM_INTERN_HPP
+#define RGBDS_ASM_INTERN_HPP
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility> // hash
+
+class InternedStr {
+	size_t index;
+
+public:
+	constexpr InternedStr() : index(static_cast<size_t>(-1)) {}
+	explicit constexpr InternedStr(size_t index_) : index(index_) {}
+
+	std::string const &str() const;
+	char const *c_str() const { return str().c_str(); }
+
+	bool operator==(InternedStr const &rhs) const { return index == rhs.index; }
+
+	template<typename T>
+	friend struct std::hash;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct std::hash<InternedStr> {
+	size_t operator()(InternedStr const &str) const { return std::hash<size_t>{}(str.index); }
+};
+
+InternedStr intern(std::string_view str);
+
+#endif // RGBDS_ASM_INTERN_HPP

include/asm/lexer.hpp

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 #include "platform.hpp" // SSIZE_MAX
 
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
+
 // This value is a compromise between `LexerState` allocation performance when reading the entire
 // file works, and buffering performance when it doesn't (e.g. when piping a file into RGBASM).
 static constexpr size_t LEXER_BUF_SIZE = 64;
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ enum LexerMode {
 };
 
 struct Expansion {
-	std::optional<std::string> name;
+	std::optional<InternedStr> name;
 	std::shared_ptr<std::string> contents;
 	size_t offset; // Cursor into `contents`
 

include/asm/rpn.hpp

@@ -10,16 +10,18 @@
 
 #include "linkdefs.hpp"
 
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
+
 struct Symbol;
 
 struct RPNValue {
 	RPNCommand command;                                                // The RPN_* command ID
-	std::variant<std::monostate, uint8_t, uint32_t, std::string> data; // Data after the ID, if any
+	std::variant<std::monostate, uint8_t, uint32_t, InternedStr> data; // Data after the ID, if any
 
 	RPNValue(RPNCommand cmd);
 	RPNValue(RPNCommand cmd, uint8_t val);
 	RPNValue(RPNCommand cmd, uint32_t val);
-	RPNValue(RPNCommand cmd, std::string const &name);
+	RPNValue(RPNCommand cmd, InternedStr name);
 
 	void appendEncoded(std::vector<uint8_t> &buffer) const;
 };
@@ -40,8 +42,8 @@ struct Expression {
 	bool isDiffConstant(Symbol const *symName) const;
 
 	void makeNumber(uint32_t value);
-	void makeSymbol(std::string const &symName);
+	void makeSymbol(InternedStr symName);
-	void makeBankSymbol(std::string const &symName);
+	void makeBankSymbol(InternedStr symName);
 	void makeBankSection(std::string const &sectName);
 	void makeSizeOfSection(std::string const &sectName);
 	void makeStartOfSection(std::string const &sectName);

include/asm/section.hpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "intern.hpp"
 #include "linkdefs.hpp"
 
 struct Expression;
@@ -107,6 +108,6 @@ void sect_PushSection();
 void sect_PopSection();
 void sect_CheckStack();
 
-std::string sect_PushSectionFragmentLiteral();
+InternedStr sect_PushSectionFragmentLiteral();
 
 #endif // RGBDS_ASM_SECTION_HPP

include/asm/symbol.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <variant>
 
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
 #include "asm/lexer.hpp"
 #include "asm/section.hpp"
 
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ struct Symbol;                    // Forward declaration for `sym_IsPC`
 bool sym_IsPC(Symbol const *sym); // Forward declaration for `getSection`
 
 struct Symbol {
-	std::string name;
+	InternedStr name;
 	SymbolType type;
 	bool isBuiltin;
 	bool isExported; // Not relevant for SYM_MACRO or SYM_EQUS
@@ -68,36 +69,34 @@ struct Symbol {
 	uint32_t getConstantValue() const;
 };
 
-bool sym_IsDotScope(std::string const &symName);
+bool sym_IsDotScope(InternedStr symName);
 
 void sym_ForEach(void (*callback)(Symbol &));
 
-Symbol *sym_AddLocalLabel(std::string const &symName);
+Symbol *sym_AddLocalLabel(InternedStr symName);
-Symbol *sym_AddLabel(std::string const &symName);
+Symbol *sym_AddLabel(InternedStr symName);
 Symbol *sym_AddAnonLabel();
-std::string sym_MakeAnonLabelName(uint32_t ofs, bool neg);
+InternedStr sym_MakeAnonLabelName(uint32_t ofs, bool neg);
-void sym_Export(std::string const &symName);
+void sym_Export(InternedStr symName);
-Symbol *sym_AddEqu(std::string const &symName, int32_t value);
+Symbol *sym_AddEqu(InternedStr symName, int32_t value);
-Symbol *sym_RedefEqu(std::string const &symName, int32_t value);
+Symbol *sym_RedefEqu(InternedStr symName, int32_t value);
-Symbol *sym_AddVar(std::string const &symName, int32_t value);
+Symbol *sym_AddVar(InternedStr symName, int32_t value);
 int32_t sym_GetRSValue();
 void sym_SetRSValue(int32_t value);
 // Find a symbol by exact name, bypassing expansion checks
-Symbol *sym_FindExactSymbol(std::string const &symName);
+Symbol *sym_FindExactSymbol(InternedStr symName);
 // Find a symbol, possibly scoped, by name
-Symbol *sym_FindScopedSymbol(std::string const &symName);
+Symbol *sym_FindScopedSymbol(InternedStr symName);
 // Find a scoped symbol by name; do not return `@` or `_NARG` when they have no value
-Symbol *sym_FindScopedValidSymbol(std::string const &symName);
+Symbol *sym_FindScopedValidSymbol(InternedStr symName);
 Symbol const *sym_GetPC();
-Symbol *sym_AddMacro(
+Symbol *sym_AddMacro(InternedStr symName, int32_t defLineNo, ContentSpan const &span, bool isQuiet);
-    std::string const &symName, int32_t defLineNo, ContentSpan const &span, bool isQuiet
+Symbol *sym_Ref(InternedStr symName);
-);
+Symbol *sym_AddString(InternedStr symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> value);
-Symbol *sym_Ref(std::string const &symName);
+Symbol *sym_RedefString(InternedStr symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> value);
-Symbol *sym_AddString(std::string const &symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> value);
+void sym_Purge(InternedStr symName);
-Symbol *sym_RedefString(std::string const &symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> value);
+bool sym_IsPurgedExact(InternedStr symName);
-void sym_Purge(std::string const &symName);
+bool sym_IsPurgedScoped(InternedStr symName);
-bool sym_IsPurgedExact(std::string const &symName);
-bool sym_IsPurgedScoped(std::string const &symName);
 void sym_Init(time_t now);
 
 // Functions to save and restore the current label scopes.

src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ add_executable(rgbasm $<TARGET_OBJECTS:common>
     "asm/fixpoint.cpp"
     "asm/format.cpp"
     "asm/fstack.cpp"
+    "asm/intern.cpp"
     "asm/lexer.cpp"
     "asm/macro.cpp"
     "asm/main.cpp"

src/asm/actions.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "asm/charmap.hpp"
 #include "asm/format.hpp"
 #include "asm/fstack.hpp"
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
 #include "asm/lexer.hpp"
 #include "asm/output.hpp"
 #include "asm/rpn.hpp" // Expression
@@ -607,7 +608,7 @@ std::string act_StringFormat(
 	return str;
 }
 
-std::string act_SectionName(std::string const &symName) {
+std::string act_SectionName(InternedStr symName) {
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindScopedValidSymbol(symName);
 	if (!sym) {
 		if (sym_IsPurgedScoped(symName)) {
@@ -625,7 +626,7 @@ std::string act_SectionName(std::string const &symName) {
 	return section->name;
 }
 
-void act_CompoundAssignment(std::string const &symName, RPNCommand op, int32_t constValue) {
+void act_CompoundAssignment(InternedStr symName, RPNCommand op, int32_t constValue) {
 	Expression oldExpr, constExpr, newExpr;
 	oldExpr.makeSymbol(symName);
 	constExpr.makeNumber(constValue);

src/asm/charmap.cpp

@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
 #include "itertools.hpp" // InsertionOrderedMap
 #include "util.hpp"
 
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
 #include "asm/warning.hpp"
 
-#define DEFAULT_CHARMAP_NAME "main"
+static InternedStr mainCharmapName;
 
 static bool compareNode(std::pair<char, size_t> edge, char c) {
 	return edge.first < c;
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ struct CharmapNode {
 };
 
 struct Charmap {
-	std::string name;
+	InternedStr name;
 	std::vector<CharmapNode> nodes; // Trie of mappings (first node is reserved for the root node)
 
 	size_t nextIndexOrAdd(size_t nodeIdx, char c) {
@@ -88,18 +89,18 @@ bool forEachChar(
 	return true;
 }
 
-static InsertionOrderedMap<std::string, Charmap> charmaps;
+static InsertionOrderedMap<InternedStr, Charmap> charmaps;
 
 static Charmap *currentCharmap;
 static std::stack<Charmap *> charmapStack;
 
 void charmap_Init() {
-	charmap_New(DEFAULT_CHARMAP_NAME, nullptr);
+	mainCharmapName = intern("main");
+	charmap_New(mainCharmapName, nullptr);
 }
 
 bool charmap_ForEach(
-    void (*mapFunc)(std::string const &),
+    void (*mapFunc)(InternedStr), void (*charFunc)(std::string const &, std::vector<int32_t>)
-    void (*charFunc)(std::string const &, std::vector<int32_t>)
 ) {
 	for (Charmap const &charmap : charmaps) {
 		std::map<size_t, std::string> mappings;
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ bool charmap_ForEach(
 	return !charmaps.empty();
 }
 
-void charmap_New(std::string const &name, std::string const *baseName) {
+void charmap_New(InternedStr name, InternedStr const *baseName) {
 	std::optional<size_t> baseIdx = std::nullopt;
 
 	if (baseName != nullptr) {
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ void charmap_New(std::string const &name, std::string const *baseName) {
 	currentCharmap = &charmap;
 }
 
-void charmap_Set(std::string const &name) {
+void charmap_Set(InternedStr name) {
 	if (auto index = charmaps.findIndex(name); index) {
 		currentCharmap = &charmaps[*index];
 	} else {
@@ -294,11 +295,12 @@ size_t charmap_ConvertNext(std::string_view &input, std::vector<int32_t> *output
 		// Warn if this character is not mapped but any others are
 		if (int firstChar = input[inputIdx]; charmap.nodes.size() > 1) {
 			warning(WARNING_UNMAPPED_CHAR_1, "Unmapped character %s", printChar(firstChar));
-		} else if (charmap.name != DEFAULT_CHARMAP_NAME) {
+		} else if (charmap.name != mainCharmapName) {
 			warning(
 			    WARNING_UNMAPPED_CHAR_2,
-			    "Unmapped character %s not in `" DEFAULT_CHARMAP_NAME "` charmap",
+			    "Unmapped character %s not in `%s` charmap",
-			    printChar(firstChar)
+			    printChar(firstChar),
+			    mainCharmapName.c_str()
 			);
 		}
 

src/asm/fstack.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "platform.hpp" // strncasecmp
 #include "verbosity.hpp"
 
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
 #include "asm/lexer.hpp"
 #include "asm/macro.hpp"
 #include "asm/main.hpp"
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ struct Context {
 	bool isForLoop = false;
 	int32_t forValue = 0;
 	int32_t forStep = 0;
-	std::string forName{};
+	InternedStr forName{};
 };
 
 static std::stack<Context> contextStack;
@@ -309,7 +310,7 @@ static void
 		}
 	}
 	fileInfoName.append(NODE_SEPARATOR);
-	fileInfoName.append(macro.name);
+	fileInfoName.append(macro.name.str());
 
 	auto fileInfo = std::make_shared<FileStackNode>(NODE_MACRO, fileInfoName, isQuiet);
 	assume(!contextStack.empty()); // The top level context cannot be a MACRO
@@ -389,9 +390,7 @@ bool fstk_RunInclude(std::string const &path, bool isQuiet) {
 	return fstk_FileError(path, "`INCLUDE`");
 }
 
-void fstk_RunMacro(
+void fstk_RunMacro(InternedStr macroName, std::shared_ptr<MacroArgs> macroArgs, bool isQuiet) {
-    std::string const &macroName, std::shared_ptr<MacroArgs> macroArgs, bool isQuiet
-) {
 	auto makeSuggestion = [&macroName, &macroArgs]() -> std::optional<std::string> {
 		std::shared_ptr<std::string> arg = macroArgs->getArg(1);
 		if (!arg) {
@@ -402,14 +401,14 @@ void fstk_RunMacro(
 		static char const *types[] = {"EQUS", "EQU", "RB", "RW", "RL", "="};
 		for (char const *type : types) {
 			if (strncasecmp(str, type, strlen(type)) == 0) {
-				return "\"DEF "s + macroName + " " + type + " ...\"";
+				return "\"DEF "s + macroName.str() + " " + type + " ...\"";
 			}
 		}
 		if (strncasecmp(str, "SET", literal_strlen("SET")) == 0) {
-			return "\"DEF "s + macroName + " = ...\"";
+			return "\"DEF "s + macroName.str() + " = ...\"";
 		}
 		if (str[0] == ':') {
-			return "a label \""s + macroName + (str[1] == ':' ? "::" : ":") + "\"";
+			return "a label \""s + macroName.str() + (str[1] == ':' ? "::" : ":") + "\"";
 		}
 
 		return std::nullopt;
@@ -439,7 +438,7 @@ void fstk_RunRept(uint32_t count, int32_t reptLineNo, ContentSpan const &span, b
 }
 
 void fstk_RunFor(
-    std::string const &symName,
+    InternedStr symName,
     int32_t start,
     int32_t stop,
     int32_t step,

src/asm/intern.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
+
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional> // equal_to
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "helpers.hpp" // assume
+#include "verbosity.hpp"
+
+// Avoid `std::string` allocations when looking up heterogeneous values in `internedIndexes`
+struct StringHash {
+	using is_transparent = void;
+
+	size_t operator()(std::string_view str) const { return std::hash<std::string_view>{}(str); }
+};
+
+// Use a `deque` not a `vector` to prevent reallocation so `internedIndexes` keys stay valid
+static std::deque<std::string> internedStrings;
+// Keys are views of values in `internedStrings`; values are their corresponding indexes
+static std::unordered_map<std::string_view, size_t, StringHash, std::equal_to<>> internedIndexes;
+
+std::string const &InternedStr::str() const {
+	assume(index != static_cast<size_t>(-1));
+	return internedStrings[index];
+}
+
+InternedStr intern(std::string_view str) {
+	if (auto search = internedIndexes.find(str); search != internedIndexes.end()) {
+		return InternedStr(search->second);
+	}
+
+	size_t index = internedStrings.size();
+	std::string &interned = internedStrings.emplace_back(str);
+	internedIndexes.emplace(interned, index);
+
+	verbosePrint(VERB_TRACE, "Interned string \"%s\"\n", interned.c_str());
+
+	return InternedStr(index);
+}

src/asm/lexer.cpp

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 
 #include "asm/format.hpp"
 #include "asm/fstack.hpp"
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
 #include "asm/macro.hpp"
 #include "asm/main.hpp"
 #include "asm/rpn.hpp"
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@
 
 struct Token {
 	int type;
-	std::variant<std::monostate, uint32_t, std::string> value;
+	std::variant<std::monostate, InternedStr, uint32_t, std::string> value;
 
 	Token() : type(T_(NUMBER)), value(std::monostate{}) {
 		assume(
@@ -63,15 +64,15 @@ struct Token {
 	}
 	Token(int type_, uint32_t value_) : type(type_), value(value_) { assume(type == T_(NUMBER)); }
 	Token(int type_, std::string const &value_) : type(type_), value(std::move(value_)) {
-		assume(
+		assume(type == T_(STRING) || type == T_(CHARACTER));
-		    type == T_(STRING) || type == T_(CHARACTER) || type == T_(SYMBOL) || type == T_(LABEL)
-		    || type == T_(LOCAL) || type == T_(ANON) || type == T_(QMACRO)
-		);
 	}
 	Token(int type_, std::string &&value_) : type(type_), value(std::move(value_)) {
+		assume(type == T_(STRING) || type == T_(CHARACTER));
+	}
+	Token(int type_, InternedStr value_) : type(type_), value(value_) {
 		assume(
-		    type == T_(STRING) || type == T_(CHARACTER) || type == T_(SYMBOL) || type == T_(LABEL)
+		    type == T_(SYMBOL) || type == T_(LABEL) || type == T_(LOCAL) || type == T_(ANON)
-		    || type == T_(LOCAL) || type == T_(ANON) || type == T_(QMACRO)
+		    || type == T_(QMACRO)
 		);
 	}
 };
@@ -519,7 +520,7 @@ void lexer_ToggleStringExpansion(bool enable) {
 
 // Functions for the actual lexer to obtain characters
 
-static void beginExpansion(std::shared_ptr<std::string> str, std::optional<std::string> name) {
+static void beginExpansion(std::shared_ptr<std::string> str, std::optional<InternedStr> name) {
 	if (name) {
 		lexer_CheckRecursionDepth();
 	}
@@ -582,11 +583,13 @@ static uint32_t readBracketedMacroArgNum() {
 			}
 		}
 
-		std::string symName;
+		std::string builder;
 		for (; continuesIdentifier(c); c = nextChar()) {
-			symName += c;
+			builder += c;
 		}
 
+		InternedStr symName = intern(builder);
+
 		if (Symbol const *sym = sym_FindScopedValidSymbol(symName); !sym) {
 			if (sym_IsPurgedScoped(symName)) {
 				error("Bracketed symbol `%s` does not exist; it was purged", symName.c_str());
@@ -950,7 +953,7 @@ static void discardLineContinuation() {
 
 // Functions to read tokenizable values
 
-static std::string readAnonLabelRef(char c) {
+static InternedStr readAnonLabelRef(char c) {
 	assume(c == '+' || c == '-');
 
 	// We come here having already peeked at one char, so no need to do it again
@@ -1229,7 +1232,7 @@ static uint32_t readGfxConstant() {
 static Token readIdentifier(char firstChar, bool raw) {
 	assume(startsIdentifier(firstChar));
 
-	std::string identifier(1, firstChar);
+	std::string builder(1, firstChar);
 	bool keywordBeforeLocal = false;
 	int tokenType = firstChar == '.' ? T_(LOCAL) : T_(SYMBOL);
 
@@ -1238,19 +1241,21 @@ static Token readIdentifier(char firstChar, bool raw) {
 		// If the char was a dot, the identifier is a local label
 		if (c == '.') {
 			// Check for a keyword before a non-raw local label
-			if (!raw && tokenType != T_(LOCAL) && keywords.find(identifier) != keywords.end()) {
+			if (!raw && tokenType != T_(LOCAL) && keywords.find(builder) != keywords.end()) {
 				keywordBeforeLocal = true;
 			}
 
 			tokenType = T_(LOCAL);
 		}
 
-		identifier += c;
+		builder += c;
 	}
 
+	InternedStr identifier = intern(builder);
+
 	// Check for a keyword if the identifier is not raw and not a local label
 	if (!raw && tokenType != T_(LOCAL)) {
-		if (auto search = keywords.find(identifier); search != keywords.end()) {
+		if (auto search = keywords.find(builder); search != keywords.end()) {
 			return Token(search->second);
 		}
 	}
@@ -1278,7 +1283,7 @@ static std::pair<Symbol const *, std::shared_ptr<std::string>> readInterpolation
 		fatal("Recursion limit (%zu) exceeded", options.maxRecursionDepth);
 	}
 
-	std::string identifier;
+	std::string builder;
 	FormatSpec fmt{};
 	bool invalid = false;
 
@@ -1299,15 +1304,15 @@ static std::pair<Symbol const *, std::shared_ptr<std::string>> readInterpolation
 			break;
 		} else if (c == ':' && !fmt.isParsed()) { // Format spec, only once
 			shiftChar();
-			size_t n = fmt.parseSpec(identifier.c_str());
+			size_t n = fmt.parseSpec(builder.c_str());
-			if (!fmt.isValid() || n != identifier.length()) {
+			if (!fmt.isValid() || n != builder.length()) {
-				error("Invalid interpolation format spec \"%s\"", identifier.c_str());
+				error("Invalid interpolation format spec \"%s\"", builder.c_str());
 				invalid = true;
 			}
-			identifier.clear(); // Now that format has been set, restart at beginning of string.
+			builder.clear(); // Now that format has been set, restart at beginning of string.
 		} else {
 			shiftChar();
-			identifier += c;
+			builder += c;
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1315,19 +1320,21 @@ static std::pair<Symbol const *, std::shared_ptr<std::string>> readInterpolation
 		return {nullptr, nullptr}; // Don't allow invalid interpolation to occur.
 	}
 
-	if (identifier.starts_with('#')) {
+	if (builder.starts_with('#')) {
 		// Skip a '#' raw symbol prefix, but after expanding any nested interpolations.
-		identifier.erase(0, 1);
+		builder.erase(0, 1);
-	} else if (keywords.find(identifier) != keywords.end()) {
+	} else if (keywords.find(builder) != keywords.end()) {
 		// Don't allow symbols that alias keywords without a '#' prefix.
 		error(
 		    "Interpolated symbol `%s` is a reserved keyword; add a '#' prefix to use it as a raw "
 		    "symbol",
-		    identifier.c_str()
+		    builder.c_str()
 		);
 		return {nullptr, nullptr};
 	}
 
+	InternedStr identifier = intern(builder);
+
 	if (Symbol const *sym = sym_FindScopedValidSymbol(identifier); !sym || !sym->isDefined()) {
 		if (sym_IsPurgedScoped(identifier)) {
 			error("Interpolated symbol `%s` does not exist; it was purged", identifier.c_str());
@@ -1902,9 +1909,9 @@ static Token yylex_NORMAL() {
 				return token;
 			}
 
-			// `token` is either a `SYMBOL` or a `LOCAL`, and both have a `std::string` value.
+			// `token` is either a `SYMBOL` or a `LOCAL`, and both have an `InternedStr` value.
-			assume(std::holds_alternative<std::string>(token.value));
+			assume(std::holds_alternative<InternedStr>(token.value));
-			std::string const &identifier = std::get<std::string>(token.value);
+			InternedStr identifier = std::get<InternedStr>(token.value);
 
 			// Raw symbols and local symbols cannot be string expansions
 			if (!raw && token.type == T_(SYMBOL) && lexerState->enableStringExpansions) {
@@ -2116,13 +2123,13 @@ static Token skipToLeadingKeyword(
 			if (c == EOF) {
 				return Token(T_(YYEOF));
 			} else if (isLetter(c)) {
-				std::string keyword(1, c);
+				std::string builder(1, c);
 				shiftFn();
 				for (c = peekFn(); continuesIdentifier(c); c = peekFn()) {
-					keyword += c;
+					builder += c;
 					shiftFn();
 				}
-				if (auto search = keywords.find(keyword); search != keywords.end()) {
+				if (auto search = keywords.find(builder); search != keywords.end()) {
 					finalizeFn();
 					return Token(search->second);
 				}
@@ -2347,6 +2354,19 @@ yy::parser::symbol_type yylex() {
 		}
 		// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
 		return yy::parser::symbol_type(token.type, std::get<std::string>(token.value));
+	} else if (std::holds_alternative<InternedStr>(token.value)) {
+		// LCOV_EXCL_START
+		if (checkVerbosity(VERB_TRACE)) {
+			style_Set(stderr, STYLE_MAGENTA, false);
+			fprintf(
+			    stderr, "Lexed `%s` token (interned ", yy::parser::symbol_type(token.type).name()
+			);
+			verboseOutputString(std::get<InternedStr>(token.value).str());
+			fputs(")\n", stderr);
+			style_Reset(stderr);
+		}
+		// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+		return yy::parser::symbol_type(token.type, std::get<InternedStr>(token.value));
 	} else {
 		// LCOV_EXCL_START
 		verbosePrint(VERB_TRACE, "Lexed `%s` token\n", yy::parser::symbol_type(token.type).name());

src/asm/main.cpp

@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ static void parseArg(int ch, char *arg) {
 		char *equals = strchr(arg, '=');
 		if (equals) {
 			*equals = '\0';
-			sym_AddString(arg, std::make_shared<std::string>(equals + 1));
+			sym_AddString(intern(arg), std::make_shared<std::string>(equals + 1));
 		} else {
-			sym_AddString(arg, std::make_shared<std::string>("1"));
+			sym_AddString(intern(arg), std::make_shared<std::string>("1"));
 		}
 		break;
 	}

src/asm/output.cpp

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "asm/charmap.hpp"
 #include "asm/fstack.hpp"
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
 #include "asm/lexer.hpp"
 #include "asm/main.hpp"
 #include "asm/rpn.hpp"
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ static void writeSection(Section const &sect, FILE *file) {
 }
 
 static void writeSymbol(Symbol const &sym, FILE *file) {
-	putString(sym.name, file);
+	putString(sym.name.str(), file);
 	if (!sym.isDefined()) {
 		putc(SYMTYPE_IMPORT, file);
 	} else {
@@ -338,7 +339,7 @@ static bool dumpCharmaps(FILE *file) {
 
 	// Characters are ordered by charmap, then by definition order
 	return charmap_ForEach(
-	    [](std::string const &name) { fprintf(charmapFile, "newcharmap %s\n", name.c_str()); },
+	    [](InternedStr name) { fprintf(charmapFile, "newcharmap %s\n", name.c_str()); },
 	    [](std::string const &mapping, std::vector<int32_t> value) {
 		    fputs("charmap \"", charmapFile);
 		    dumpString(mapping, charmapFile);

src/asm/parser.y

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 	yy::parser::symbol_type yylex(); // Provided by lexer.cpp
 
 	static auto handleSymbolByType(
-	    std::string const &symName,
+	    InternedStr symName,
 	    std::invocable<Expression const &> auto numCallback,
 	    std::invocable<std::string const &> auto strCallback
 	) {
@@ -324,11 +324,11 @@
 %token <int32_t> NUMBER "number"
 %token <std::string> STRING "string"
 %token <std::string> CHARACTER "character"
-%token <std::string> SYMBOL "symbol"
+%token <InternedStr> SYMBOL "symbol"
-%token <std::string> LABEL "label"
+%token <InternedStr> LABEL "label"
-%token <std::string> LOCAL "local label"
+%token <InternedStr> LOCAL "local label"
-%token <std::string> ANON "anonymous label"
+%token <InternedStr> ANON "anonymous label"
-%token <std::string> QMACRO "quiet macro"
+%token <InternedStr> QMACRO "quiet macro"
 
 /******************** Data types ********************/
 
@@ -355,23 +355,23 @@
 %type <std::string> string_literal
 %type <std::string> strcat_args
 // Strings used for identifiers
-%type <std::string> def_id
+%type <InternedStr> def_id
-%type <std::string> redef_id
+%type <InternedStr> redef_id
-%type <std::string> def_numeric
+%type <InternedStr> def_numeric
-%type <std::string> def_equ
+%type <InternedStr> def_equ
-%type <std::string> redef_equ
+%type <InternedStr> redef_equ
-%type <std::string> def_set
+%type <InternedStr> def_set
-%type <std::string> def_rb
+%type <InternedStr> def_rb
-%type <std::string> def_rw
+%type <InternedStr> def_rw
-%type <std::string> def_rl
+%type <InternedStr> def_rl
-%type <std::string> def_equs
+%type <InternedStr> def_equs
-%type <std::string> redef_equs
+%type <InternedStr> redef_equs
-%type <std::string> scoped_sym
+%type <InternedStr> scoped_sym
 // `scoped_sym_no_anon` exists because anonymous labels usually count as "scoped symbols", but some
 // contexts treat anonymous labels and other labels/symbols differently, e.g. `purge` or `export`.
-%type <std::string> scoped_sym_no_anon
+%type <InternedStr> scoped_sym_no_anon
-%type <std::string> fragment_literal
+%type <InternedStr> fragment_literal
-%type <std::string> fragment_literal_name
+%type <InternedStr> fragment_literal_name
 
 // SM83 instruction parameters
 %type <int32_t> reg_r
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@
 %type <std::vector<Expression>> ds_args
 %type <ForArgs> for_args
 %type <std::shared_ptr<MacroArgs>> macro_args
-%type <std::vector<std::string>> purge_args
+%type <std::vector<InternedStr>> purge_args
 %type <SectionSpec> sect_attrs
 %type <SectionModifier> sect_mod
 %type <SectionType> sect_type
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ def_id:
 		lexer_ToggleStringExpansion(false);
 	} SYMBOL {
 		lexer_ToggleStringExpansion(true);
-		$$ = std::move($3);
+		$$ = $3;
 	}
 ;
 
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ redef_id:
 		lexer_ToggleStringExpansion(false);
 	} SYMBOL {
 		lexer_ToggleStringExpansion(true);
-		$$ = std::move($3);
+		$$ = $3;
 	}
 ;
 
@@ -912,40 +912,40 @@ endu:
 
 def_equ:
 	def_id POP_EQU iconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		sym_AddEqu($$, $3);
 	}
 ;
 
 redef_equ:
 	redef_id POP_EQU iconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		sym_RedefEqu($$, $3);
 	}
 ;
 
 def_set:
 	def_id POP_EQUAL iconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		sym_AddVar($$, $3);
 	}
 	| redef_id POP_EQUAL iconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		sym_AddVar($$, $3);
 	}
 	| def_id compound_eq iconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		act_CompoundAssignment($$, $2, $3);
 	}
 	| redef_id compound_eq iconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		act_CompoundAssignment($$, $2, $3);
 	}
 ;
 
 def_rb:
 	def_id POP_RB rs_uconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		uint32_t rs = sym_GetRSValue();
 		sym_AddEqu($$, rs);
 		sym_SetRSValue(rs + $3);
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ def_rb:
 
 def_rw:
 	def_id POP_RW rs_uconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		uint32_t rs = sym_GetRSValue();
 		sym_AddEqu($$, rs);
 		sym_SetRSValue(rs + 2 * $3);
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ def_rw:
 
 def_rl:
 	def_id SM83_RL rs_uconst {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		uint32_t rs = sym_GetRSValue();
 		sym_AddEqu($$, rs);
 		sym_SetRSValue(rs + 4 * $3);
@@ -972,14 +972,14 @@ def_rl:
 
 def_equs:
 	def_id POP_EQUS string {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		sym_AddString($$, std::make_shared<std::string>($3));
 	}
 ;
 
 redef_equs:
 	redef_id POP_EQUS string {
-		$$ = std::move($1);
+		$$ = $1;
 		sym_RedefString($$, std::make_shared<std::string>($3));
 	}
 ;
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ purge:
 	POP_PURGE {
 		lexer_ToggleStringExpansion(false);
 	} purge_args trailing_comma {
-		for (std::string &arg : $3) {
+		for (InternedStr arg : $3) {
 			sym_Purge(arg);
 		}
 		lexer_ToggleStringExpansion(true);
@@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ reloc_16bit:
 fragment_literal:
 	LBRACKS fragment_literal_name asm_file RBRACKS {
 		sect_PopSection();
-		$$ = std::move($2);
+		$$ = $2;
 	}
 ;
 

src/asm/rpn.cpp

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Symbol const *Expression::symbolOf() const {
 	if (rpn.size() != 1 || rpn[0].command != RPN_SYM) {
 		return nullptr;
 	}
-	return sym_FindScopedSymbol(std::get<std::string>(rpn[0].data));
+	return sym_FindScopedSymbol(std::get<InternedStr>(rpn[0].data));
 }
 
 bool Expression::isDiffConstant(Symbol const *sym) const {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ void Expression::makeNumber(uint32_t value) {
 	data = static_cast<int32_t>(value);
 }
 
-void Expression::makeSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
+void Expression::makeSymbol(InternedStr symName) {
 	assume(rpn.empty());
 	if (Symbol *sym = sym_FindScopedSymbol(symName); sym_IsPC(sym) && !sect_GetSymbolSection()) {
 		error("PC has no value outside of a section");
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ void Expression::makeSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
 	} else if (!sym || !sym->isConstant()) {
 		data = sym_IsPC(sym) ? "PC is not constant at assembly time"
 		                     : (sym && sym->isDefined()
-		                            ? "`"s + symName + "` is not constant at assembly time"
+		                            ? "`"s + symName.str() + "` is not constant at assembly time"
-		                            : "undefined symbol `"s + symName + "`")
+		                            : "undefined symbol `"s + symName.str() + "`")
 		                           + (sym_IsPurgedScoped(symName) ? "; it was purged" : "");
 		sym = sym_Ref(symName);
 		rpn.emplace_back(RPN_SYM, sym->name);
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ void Expression::makeSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
 	}
 }
 
-void Expression::makeBankSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
+void Expression::makeBankSymbol(InternedStr symName) {
 	assume(rpn.empty());
 	if (Symbol const *sym = sym_FindScopedSymbol(symName); sym_IsPC(sym)) {
 		// The @ symbol is treated differently.
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ void Expression::makeBankSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
 			data = static_cast<int32_t>(sym->getSection()->bank);
 		} else {
 			data = sym_IsPurgedScoped(symName)
-			           ? "`"s + symName + "`'s bank is not known; it was purged"
+			           ? "`"s + symName.str() + "`'s bank is not known; it was purged"
-			           : "`"s + symName + "`'s bank is not known";
+			           : "`"s + symName.str() + "`'s bank is not known";
 			rpn.emplace_back(RPN_BANK_SYM, sym->name);
 		}
 	}
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ void Expression::makeBankSection(std::string const &sectName) {
 		data = static_cast<int32_t>(sect->bank);
 	} else {
 		data = "Section \""s + sectName + "\"'s bank is not known";
-		rpn.emplace_back(RPN_BANK_SECT, sectName);
+		rpn.emplace_back(RPN_BANK_SECT, intern(sectName));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ void Expression::makeSizeOfSection(std::string const &sectName) {
 		data = static_cast<int32_t>(sect->size);
 	} else {
 		data = "Section \""s + sectName + "\"'s size is not known";
-		rpn.emplace_back(RPN_SIZEOF_SECT, sectName);
+		rpn.emplace_back(RPN_SIZEOF_SECT, intern(sectName));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ void Expression::makeStartOfSection(std::string const &sectName) {
 		data = static_cast<int32_t>(sect->org);
 	} else {
 		data = "Section \""s + sectName + "\"'s start is not known";
-		rpn.emplace_back(RPN_STARTOF_SECT, sectName);
+		rpn.emplace_back(RPN_STARTOF_SECT, intern(sectName));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ RPNValue::RPNValue(RPNCommand cmd, uint32_t val) : command(cmd), data(val) {
 	assume(cmd == RPN_CONST);
 }
 
-RPNValue::RPNValue(RPNCommand cmd, std::string const &name) : command(cmd), data(name) {
+RPNValue::RPNValue(RPNCommand cmd, InternedStr name) : command(cmd), data(name) {
 	assume(
 	    cmd == RPN_SYM || cmd == RPN_BANK_SYM || cmd == RPN_BANK_SECT || cmd == RPN_SIZEOF_SECT
 	    || cmd == RPN_STARTOF_SECT
@@ -576,9 +576,9 @@ void RPNValue::appendEncoded(std::vector<uint8_t> &buffer) const {
 	case RPN_SYM:
 	case RPN_BANK_SYM: {
 		// The command ID is followed by a four-byte symbol ID
-		assume(std::holds_alternative<std::string>(data));
+		assume(std::holds_alternative<InternedStr>(data));
 		// The symbol name is always written expanded
-		Symbol *sym = sym_FindExactSymbol(std::get<std::string>(data));
+		Symbol *sym = sym_FindExactSymbol(std::get<InternedStr>(data));
 		out_RegisterSymbol(*sym); // Ensure that `sym->ID` is set
 		buffer.push_back(sym->ID & 0xFF);
 		buffer.push_back(sym->ID >> 8);
@@ -591,8 +591,8 @@ void RPNValue::appendEncoded(std::vector<uint8_t> &buffer) const {
 	case RPN_SIZEOF_SECT:
 	case RPN_STARTOF_SECT: {
 		// The command ID is followed by a NUL-terminated section name string
-		assume(std::holds_alternative<std::string>(data));
+		assume(std::holds_alternative<InternedStr>(data));
-		std::string const &name = std::get<std::string>(data);
+		std::string const &name = std::get<InternedStr>(data).str();
 		buffer.reserve(buffer.size() + name.length() + 1);
 		buffer.insert(buffer.end(), RANGE(name));
 		buffer.push_back('\0');

src/asm/section.cpp

@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ void sect_EndSection() {
 	sym_ResetCurrentLabelScopes();
 }
 
-std::string sect_PushSectionFragmentLiteral() {
+InternedStr sect_PushSectionFragmentLiteral() {
 	static uint64_t nextFragmentLiteralID = 0;
 
 	// Like `requireCodeSection` but fatal
@@ -1192,5 +1192,5 @@ std::string sect_PushSectionFragmentLiteral() {
 	currentSection = sect;
 
 	// Return a symbol ID to use for the address of this section fragment
-	return "$"s + std::to_string(nextFragmentLiteralID++);
+	return intern("$"s + std::to_string(nextFragmentLiteralID++));
 }

src/asm/symbol.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "version.hpp"
 
 #include "asm/fstack.hpp"
+#include "asm/intern.hpp"
 #include "asm/lexer.hpp"
 #include "asm/macro.hpp"
 #include "asm/main.hpp"
@@ -31,8 +32,8 @@
 
 using namespace std::literals;
 
-static std::unordered_map<std::string, Symbol> symbols;
+static std::unordered_map<InternedStr, Symbol> symbols;
-static std::unordered_set<std::string> purgedSymbols;
+static std::unordered_set<InternedStr> purgedSymbols;
 
 static Symbol const *globalScope = nullptr; // Current section's global label scope
 static Symbol const *localScope = nullptr;  // Current section's local label scope
@@ -44,6 +45,10 @@ static Symbol *globalScopeSymbol;
 static Symbol *localScopeSymbol;
 static Symbol *RSSymbol;
 
+static InternedStr PCName;
+static InternedStr globalScopeName;
+static InternedStr localScopeName;
+
 static char savedTIME[256];
 static char savedDATE[256];
 static char savedTIMESTAMP_ISO8601_LOCAL[256];
@@ -53,10 +58,10 @@ bool sym_IsPC(Symbol const *sym) {
 	return sym == PCSymbol;
 }
 
-bool sym_IsDotScope(std::string const &symName) {
+bool sym_IsDotScope(InternedStr symName) {
 	// Label scopes `.` and `..` are the only nonlocal identifiers that start with a dot.
 	// Three or more dots are considered a nonsensical local label.
-	return symName == "." || symName == "..";
+	return symName == globalScopeName || symName == localScopeName;
 }
 
 void sym_ForEach(void (*callback)(Symbol &)) {
@@ -76,9 +81,9 @@ static int32_t NARGCallback() {
 
 static std::shared_ptr<std::string> SCOPECallback() {
 	if (localScope) {
-		return std::make_shared<std::string>("..");
+		return std::make_shared<std::string>(localScopeName.str());
 	} else if (globalScope) {
-		return std::make_shared<std::string>(".");
+		return std::make_shared<std::string>(globalScopeName.str());
 	} else {
 		if (!sect_GetSymbolSection()) {
 			error("`__SCOPE__` has no value outside of a section");
@@ -92,7 +97,7 @@ static std::shared_ptr<std::string> globalScopeCallback() {
 		error("`.` has no value outside of a label scope");
 		return std::make_shared<std::string>("");
 	}
-	return std::make_shared<std::string>(globalScope->name);
+	return std::make_shared<std::string>(globalScope->name.str());
 }
 
 static std::shared_ptr<std::string> localScopeCallback() {
@@ -100,7 +105,7 @@ static std::shared_ptr<std::string> localScopeCallback() {
 		error("`..` has no value outside of a local label scope");
 		return std::make_shared<std::string>("");
 	}
-	return std::make_shared<std::string>(localScope->name);
+	return std::make_shared<std::string>(localScope->name.str());
 }
 
 static int32_t PCCallback() {
@@ -219,13 +224,13 @@ static void redefinedError(Symbol const &sym) {
 	}
 }
 
-static void assumeAlreadyExpanded(std::string const &symName) {
+static void assumeAlreadyExpanded(InternedStr symName) {
 	// Either the symbol name is `Global.local` or entirely '.'s (for scopes `.` and `..`),
 	// but cannot be unqualified `.local` or more than two '.'s
-	assume(!symName.starts_with('.') || sym_IsDotScope(symName));
+	assume(!symName.str().starts_with('.') || sym_IsDotScope(symName));
 }
 
-static Symbol &createSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
+static Symbol &createSymbol(InternedStr symName) {
 	assumeAlreadyExpanded(symName);
 
 	static uint32_t nextDefIndex = 0;
@@ -245,13 +250,13 @@ static Symbol &createSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
 	return sym;
 }
 
-static bool isAutoScoped(std::string const &symName) {
+static bool isAutoScoped(InternedStr symName) {
 	// `globalScope` should be global if it's defined
-	assume(!globalScope || globalScope->name.find('.') == std::string::npos);
+	assume(!globalScope || globalScope->name.str().find('.') == std::string::npos);
 	// `localScope` should be qualified local if it's defined
-	assume(!localScope || localScope->name.find('.') != std::string::npos);
+	assume(!localScope || localScope->name.str().find('.') != std::string::npos);
 
-	size_t dotPos = symName.find('.');
+	size_t dotPos = symName.str().find('.');
 
 	// If there are no dots, it's not a local label
 	if (dotPos == std::string::npos) {
@@ -264,12 +269,12 @@ static bool isAutoScoped(std::string const &symName) {
 	}
 
 	// Check for nothing after the dot
-	if (dotPos == symName.length() - 1) {
+	if (dotPos == symName.str().length() - 1) {
 		fatal("`%s` is a nonsensical reference to an empty local label", symName.c_str());
 	}
 
 	// Check for more than one dot
-	if (symName.find('.', dotPos + 1) != std::string::npos) {
+	if (symName.str().find('.', dotPos + 1) != std::string::npos) {
 		fatal("`%s` is a nonsensical reference to a nested local label", symName.c_str());
 	}
 
@@ -286,22 +291,22 @@ static bool isAutoScoped(std::string const &symName) {
 	return true;
 }
 
-static std::string expandedSymName(std::string const &symName) {
+static InternedStr expandedSymName(InternedStr symName) {
-	return isAutoScoped(symName) ? globalScope->name + symName : symName;
+	return isAutoScoped(symName) ? intern(globalScope->name.str() + symName.str()) : symName;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_FindExactSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
+Symbol *sym_FindExactSymbol(InternedStr symName) {
 	assumeAlreadyExpanded(symName);
 
 	auto search = symbols.find(symName);
 	return search != symbols.end() ? &search->second : nullptr;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_FindScopedSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
+Symbol *sym_FindScopedSymbol(InternedStr symName) {
 	return sym_FindExactSymbol(expandedSymName(symName));
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_FindScopedValidSymbol(std::string const &symName) {
+Symbol *sym_FindScopedValidSymbol(InternedStr symName) {
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindScopedSymbol(symName);
 
 	// `@` has no value outside of a section
@@ -332,7 +337,7 @@ Symbol const *sym_GetPC() {
 	return PCSymbol;
 }
 
-void sym_Purge(std::string const &symName) {
+void sym_Purge(InternedStr symName) {
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindScopedValidSymbol(symName);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -363,13 +368,13 @@ void sym_Purge(std::string const &symName) {
 	}
 }
 
-bool sym_IsPurgedExact(std::string const &symName) {
+bool sym_IsPurgedExact(InternedStr symName) {
 	assumeAlreadyExpanded(symName);
 
 	return purgedSymbols.find(symName) != purgedSymbols.end();
 }
 
-bool sym_IsPurgedScoped(std::string const &symName) {
+bool sym_IsPurgedScoped(InternedStr symName) {
 	return sym_IsPurgedExact(expandedSymName(symName));
 }
 
@@ -405,9 +410,9 @@ void sym_SetCurrentLabelScopes(std::pair<Symbol const *, Symbol const *> newScop
 	localScope = std::get<1>(newScopes);
 
 	// `globalScope` should be global if it's defined
-	assume(!globalScope || globalScope->name.find('.') == std::string::npos);
+	assume(!globalScope || globalScope->name.str().find('.') == std::string::npos);
 	// `localScope` should be qualified local if it's defined
-	assume(!localScope || localScope->name.find('.') != std::string::npos);
+	assume(!localScope || localScope->name.str().find('.') != std::string::npos);
 }
 
 void sym_ResetCurrentLabelScopes() {
@@ -415,7 +420,7 @@ void sym_ResetCurrentLabelScopes() {
 	localScope = nullptr;
 }
 
-static Symbol *createNonrelocSymbol(std::string const &symName, bool numeric) {
+static Symbol *createNonrelocSymbol(InternedStr symName, bool numeric) {
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindExactSymbol(symName);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -436,7 +441,7 @@ static Symbol *createNonrelocSymbol(std::string const &symName, bool numeric) {
 	return sym;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_AddEqu(std::string const &symName, int32_t value) {
+Symbol *sym_AddEqu(InternedStr symName, int32_t value) {
 	Symbol *sym = createNonrelocSymbol(symName, true);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -449,7 +454,7 @@ Symbol *sym_AddEqu(std::string const &symName, int32_t value) {
 	return sym;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_RedefEqu(std::string const &symName, int32_t value) {
+Symbol *sym_RedefEqu(InternedStr symName, int32_t value) {
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindExactSymbol(symName);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -471,7 +476,7 @@ Symbol *sym_RedefEqu(std::string const &symName, int32_t value) {
 	return sym;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_AddString(std::string const &symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> str) {
+Symbol *sym_AddString(InternedStr symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> str) {
 	Symbol *sym = createNonrelocSymbol(symName, false);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -483,7 +488,7 @@ Symbol *sym_AddString(std::string const &symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> s
 	return sym;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_RedefString(std::string const &symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> str) {
+Symbol *sym_RedefString(InternedStr symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string> str) {
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindExactSymbol(symName);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -511,7 +516,7 @@ Symbol *sym_RedefString(std::string const &symName, std::shared_ptr<std::string>
 	return sym;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_AddVar(std::string const &symName, int32_t value) {
+Symbol *sym_AddVar(InternedStr symName, int32_t value) {
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindExactSymbol(symName);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -529,7 +534,7 @@ Symbol *sym_AddVar(std::string const &symName, int32_t value) {
 	return sym;
 }
 
-static Symbol *addLabel(std::string const &symName) {
+static Symbol *addLabel(InternedStr symName) {
 	assumeAlreadyExpanded(symName);
 
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindExactSymbol(symName);
@@ -546,7 +551,7 @@ static Symbol *addLabel(std::string const &symName) {
 	sym->type = SYM_LABEL;
 	sym->data = static_cast<int32_t>(sect_GetSymbolOffset());
 	// Don't export anonymous labels
-	if (options.exportAll && !symName.starts_with('!')) {
+	if (options.exportAll && !symName.str().starts_with('!')) {
 		sym->isExported = true;
 	}
 	sym->section = sect_GetSymbolSection();
@@ -558,9 +563,9 @@ static Symbol *addLabel(std::string const &symName) {
 	return sym;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_AddLocalLabel(std::string const &symName) {
+Symbol *sym_AddLocalLabel(InternedStr symName) {
 	// The symbol name should be local, qualified or not
-	assume(symName.find('.') != std::string::npos);
+	assume(symName.str().find('.') != std::string::npos);
 
 	Symbol *sym = addLabel(expandedSymName(symName));
 
@@ -571,9 +576,9 @@ Symbol *sym_AddLocalLabel(std::string const &symName) {
 	return sym;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_AddLabel(std::string const &symName) {
+Symbol *sym_AddLabel(InternedStr symName) {
 	// The symbol name should be global
-	assume(symName.find('.') == std::string::npos);
+	assume(symName.str().find('.') == std::string::npos);
 
 	Symbol *sym = addLabel(symName);
 
@@ -596,12 +601,12 @@ Symbol *sym_AddAnonLabel() {
 		// LCOV_EXCL_STOP
 	}
 
-	std::string anon = sym_MakeAnonLabelName(0, true); // The direction is important!
+	InternedStr anon = sym_MakeAnonLabelName(0, true); // The direction is important!
 	++anonLabelID;
 	return addLabel(anon);
 }
 
-std::string sym_MakeAnonLabelName(uint32_t ofs, bool neg) {
+InternedStr sym_MakeAnonLabelName(uint32_t ofs, bool neg) {
 	uint32_t id = 0;
 
 	if (neg) {
@@ -632,11 +637,11 @@ std::string sym_MakeAnonLabelName(uint32_t ofs, bool neg) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return "!"s + std::to_string(id);
+	return intern("!"s + std::to_string(id));
 }
 
-void sym_Export(std::string const &symName) {
+void sym_Export(InternedStr symName) {
-	if (symName.starts_with('!')) {
+	if (symName.str().starts_with('!')) {
 		// LCOV_EXCL_START
 		// The parser does not accept anonymous labels for an `EXPORT` directive
 		error("Cannot export anonymous label");
@@ -655,9 +660,8 @@ void sym_Export(std::string const &symName) {
 	sym->isExported = true;
 }
 
-Symbol *sym_AddMacro(
+Symbol *
-    std::string const &symName, int32_t defLineNo, ContentSpan const &span, bool isQuiet
+    sym_AddMacro(InternedStr symName, int32_t defLineNo, ContentSpan const &span, bool isQuiet) {
-) {
 	Symbol *sym = createNonrelocSymbol(symName, false);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -678,7 +682,7 @@ Symbol *sym_AddMacro(
 
 // Flag that a symbol is referenced in an RPN expression
 // and create it if it doesn't exist yet
-Symbol *sym_Ref(std::string const &symName) {
+Symbol *sym_Ref(InternedStr symName) {
 	Symbol *sym = sym_FindScopedSymbol(symName);
 
 	if (!sym) {
@@ -691,41 +695,46 @@ Symbol *sym_Ref(std::string const &symName) {
 
 // Define the built-in symbols
 void sym_Init(time_t now) {
-	PCSymbol = &createSymbol("@"s);
+	PCName = intern("@");
+	PCSymbol = &createSymbol(PCName);
 	PCSymbol->type = SYM_LABEL;
 	PCSymbol->data = PCCallback;
 	PCSymbol->isBuiltin = true;
 
-	NARGSymbol = &createSymbol("_NARG"s);
+	NARGSymbol = &createSymbol(intern("_NARG"));
 	NARGSymbol->type = SYM_EQU;
 	NARGSymbol->data = NARGCallback;
 	NARGSymbol->isBuiltin = true;
 
-	globalScopeSymbol = &createSymbol("."s);
+	globalScopeName = intern(".");
+	globalScopeSymbol = &createSymbol(globalScopeName);
 	globalScopeSymbol->type = SYM_EQUS;
 	globalScopeSymbol->data = globalScopeCallback;
 	globalScopeSymbol->isBuiltin = true;
 
-	localScopeSymbol = &createSymbol(".."s);
+	localScopeName = intern("..");
+	localScopeSymbol = &createSymbol(localScopeName);
 	localScopeSymbol->type = SYM_EQUS;
 	localScopeSymbol->data = localScopeCallback;
 	localScopeSymbol->isBuiltin = true;
 
-	SCOPESymbol = &createSymbol("__SCOPE__"s);
+	SCOPESymbol = &createSymbol(intern("__SCOPE__"));
 	SCOPESymbol->type = SYM_EQUS;
 	SCOPESymbol->data = SCOPECallback;
 	SCOPESymbol->isBuiltin = true;
 
-	RSSymbol = sym_AddVar("_RS"s, 0);
+	RSSymbol = sym_AddVar(intern("_RS"), 0);
 	RSSymbol->isBuiltin = true;
 
-	sym_AddString("__RGBDS_VERSION__"s, std::make_shared<std::string>(get_package_version_string()))
+	sym_AddString(
+	    intern("__RGBDS_VERSION__"), std::make_shared<std::string>(get_package_version_string())
+	)
 	    ->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddEqu("__RGBDS_MAJOR__"s, PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__RGBDS_MAJOR__"), PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR)->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddEqu("__RGBDS_MINOR__"s, PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__RGBDS_MINOR__"), PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR)->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddEqu("__RGBDS_PATCH__"s, PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__RGBDS_PATCH__"), PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH)->isBuiltin = true;
 #ifdef PACKAGE_VERSION_RC
-	sym_AddEqu("__RGBDS_RC__"s, PACKAGE_VERSION_RC)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__RGBDS_RC__"), PACKAGE_VERSION_RC)->isBuiltin = true;
 #endif
 
 	// LCOV_EXCL_START
@@ -756,7 +765,7 @@ void sym_Init(time_t now) {
 	    time_utc
 	);
 
-	Symbol *timeSymbol = &createSymbol("__TIME__"s);
+	Symbol *timeSymbol = &createSymbol(intern("__TIME__"));
 	timeSymbol->type = SYM_EQUS;
 	timeSymbol->data = []() {
 		warning(WARNING_OBSOLETE, "`__TIME__` is deprecated; use `__ISO_8601_LOCAL__`");
@@ -764,7 +773,7 @@ void sym_Init(time_t now) {
 	};
 	timeSymbol->isBuiltin = true;
 
-	Symbol *dateSymbol = &createSymbol("__DATE__"s);
+	Symbol *dateSymbol = &createSymbol(intern("__DATE__"));
 	dateSymbol->type = SYM_EQUS;
 	dateSymbol->data = []() {
 		warning(WARNING_OBSOLETE, "`__DATE__` is deprecated; use `__ISO_8601_LOCAL__`");
@@ -773,16 +782,18 @@ void sym_Init(time_t now) {
 	dateSymbol->isBuiltin = true;
 
 	sym_AddString(
-	    "__ISO_8601_LOCAL__"s, std::make_shared<std::string>(savedTIMESTAMP_ISO8601_LOCAL)
+	    intern("__ISO_8601_LOCAL__"), std::make_shared<std::string>(savedTIMESTAMP_ISO8601_LOCAL)
 	)
 	    ->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddString("__ISO_8601_UTC__"s, std::make_shared<std::string>(savedTIMESTAMP_ISO8601_UTC))
+	sym_AddString(
+	    intern("__ISO_8601_UTC__"), std::make_shared<std::string>(savedTIMESTAMP_ISO8601_UTC)
+	)
 	    ->isBuiltin = true;
 
-	sym_AddEqu("__UTC_YEAR__"s, time_utc->tm_year + 1900)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__UTC_YEAR__"), time_utc->tm_year + 1900)->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddEqu("__UTC_MONTH__"s, time_utc->tm_mon + 1)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__UTC_MONTH__"), time_utc->tm_mon + 1)->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddEqu("__UTC_DAY__"s, time_utc->tm_mday)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__UTC_DAY__"), time_utc->tm_mday)->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddEqu("__UTC_HOUR__"s, time_utc->tm_hour)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__UTC_HOUR__"), time_utc->tm_hour)->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddEqu("__UTC_MINUTE__"s, time_utc->tm_min)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__UTC_MINUTE__"), time_utc->tm_min)->isBuiltin = true;
-	sym_AddEqu("__UTC_SECOND__"s, time_utc->tm_sec)->isBuiltin = true;
+	sym_AddEqu(intern("__UTC_SECOND__"), time_utc->tm_sec)->isBuiltin = true;
 }